Where each was raised, where it fought, and what became of it.
Legions 51 Legio IX Hispana contested Before 58 BCE; last secure history in early/mid 2nd century CE
Served Pannonia and Britain, including Lincoln and York; archaeological evidence complicates the popular story of one disappearance in Scotland.
Raised Caesarian legion with later reconstitution and Spanish campaigning. Fought at Gallic War, Boudiccan revolt, British campaigns Fate Time, place and circumstances of disappearance remain disputed; not securely a lost legion of one Scottish battle. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Gallic War
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 4: Britain: Conquest and Revolt
Read further Livius Legio IX Hispana · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio VII Claudia Before 58 BCE into late antiquity, with reconstitution
Served Dalmatia and then the Danube at Viminacium; gained Claudia Pia Fidelis for rejecting Scribonianus' revolt 42 CE.
Raised One of Caesar's older Gallic legions; reconstituted under Octavian. Fought at Gallic War, Pharsalus, Dacian Wars Fate Continued in the late Roman Danubian military establishment. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Gallic War , Pharsalus , Dacian Wars
Read further Livius Legio VII Claudia · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio VIII Augusta Before 58 BCE into late antiquity, with reconstitution
Veteran of Gallic and civil wars, eventually based at Argentoratum/Strasbourg; military building and Rhine defense anchor its imperial history.
Raised Caesarian legion later reconstituted for Octavian. Fought at Sabis, Pharsalus, Civil war 69 CE, Rhine campaigns Fate Name preserved in late Roman western military traditions. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Sabis , Pharsalus , Civil war 69 CE
Read further Livius Legio VIII Augusta · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XI Claudia From 58 BCE into late antiquity, with reconstitution
Served Dalmatia, Vindonissa and Durostorum; Claudia Pia Fidelis commemorated loyalty to Claudius 42 CE.
Raised Raised by Caesar with the twelfth legion, later reconstituted under Octavian. Fought at Gallic War, Pharsalus, Rhine crisis, Dacian and eastern detachments Fate Late Roman evidence retains it at the lower Danube. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Gallic War , Pharsalus
Read further Livius Legio XI Claudia · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XII Fulminata From 58 BCE into late antiquity
Associated with Syria and later Melitene; the thunderbolt name attracted competing religious stories that are not independent proof of a miracle.
Raised Caesarian foundation, subsequently reconstituted and transferred east. Fought at Rhandeia 62 CE, Beth Horon 66 CE, Eastern frontier wars Fate Attested in late Roman Armenian frontier defense. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio XII Fulminata · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XIII Gemina From 57 BCE, with later reconstitution, into late antiquity
Famous for Caesar's move into Italy 49 BCE, later based at Apulum in Dacia and Ratiaria south of the Danube.
Raised Caesar's thirteenth, reconstituted in the triumviral/early Augustan transition. Fought at Crossing of Rubicon, Pharsalus, Dacian Wars Fate Transferred after the evacuation of northern Dacia; late formations retained its name. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Pharsalus , Dacian Wars
Read further Livius Legio XIII Gemina · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio V Alaudae From 52 BCE to later 1st century CE
Famous for its Gallic origin and elephant emblem, associated with Caesar's African war and later Lower Rhine service.
Raised Caesar raised recruits in Transalpine Gaul; Roman citizenship and recognition followed a special recruitment history. Fought at Gallic War, Thapsus, Rhine campaigns Fate Its final loss or dissolution is debated, particularly between the 70 CE Rhine crisis and later Dacian fighting. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Gallic War , Thapsus
Read further Livius Legio V Alaudae · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio VI Ferrata From 52 BCE into later Empire
An eastern legion eventually based at Legio near Megiddo; Ferrata, ironclad, is a title rather than proof of one uniform armor type.
Raised Caesar's sixth legion, later attached to Antony's army. Fought at Pharsalus, Zela, Armenian and eastern wars Fate Later history is less clear; exact dissolution is unknown. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Pharsalus , Zela
Read further Livius Legio VI Ferrata · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio IV Macedonica Probably 48 BCE to 70 CE
Served Macedonia, Spain and Mainz; its early imperial title reflects a former theater rather than permanent ethnicity.
Raised Usually traced to Caesar's civil-war levies; exact creation remains a reconstruction. Fought at Mutina, Philippi, Cantabrian Wars, Batavian revolt Fate Reconstituted under Vespasian as IV Flavia Felix after the Rhine crisis. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Mutina , Cantabrian Wars
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian
Read further Livius Legio IV Macedonica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Slide NotebookLM The Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BCE) from Augustus: A Military Chronology, 44 BC – AD 14 Legio VI Victrix From 41 BCE into late antiquity
Served Spain, the Rhine and from Hadrian's reign Eboracum/York; strongly linked to northern British defense.
Raised Octavian's sixth legion, distinct from VI Ferrata though it could recruit Caesarian veterans. Fought at Cantabrian Wars, Batavian revolt, British frontier campaigns Fate Remained associated with Britain into late Roman records. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Cantabrian Wars , Batavian revolt
Read further Livius Legio VI Victrix · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio X Fretensis From 41/40 BCE into late antiquity
Named for the sea straits and associated with Sicilian operations; later served Syria and became the Jerusalem garrison after 70 CE.
Raised Octavian raised a tenth legion distinct from Caesar's original tenth. Fought at Sicilian War, Jewish War, Jerusalem 70 CE, Masada Fate Late Roman evidence places the legion at Aila in the southern frontier zone. Read the legion's history in Legions →
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 6: The Jewish War
Read further Livius Legio X Fretensis · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XV Apollinaris Probably from 41/40 BCE into late antiquity
Served Pannonia and the Jewish war before long eastern service at Satala, facing Armenian approaches.
Raised Usually linked to Octavian; proposed connections with earlier fifteenth legions are uncertain. Fought at Jewish War 66-70 CE, Eastern expeditions, Armenian frontier Fate Continued in late Roman eastern administration. Read the legion's history in Legions →
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 6: The Jewish War
Read further Livius Legio XV Apollinaris · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XVI Gallica Probably 41/40 BCE-70 CE
Served the Rhine, especially Mainz and later Novaesium; its conduct during the Batavian crisis led to reconstitution.
Raised Usually assigned to Octavian's civil-war levies; exact origins remain uncertain. Fought at Germanicus' campaigns, Civil war 69 CE, Batavian revolt Fate Reorganized as XVI Flavia Firma rather than retained unchanged. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Civil war 69 CE , Batavian revolt
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian
Read further Livius Legio XVI Gallica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XXII Deiotariana Galatian royal origins; Roman incorporation 25 BCE; disappears in 2nd century CE
Based with III Cyrenaica near Alexandria, it links client kingship to imperial recruitment and Egypt's equestrian command system.
Raised Derived from Deiotarus' Roman-trained Galatian forces, later absorbed into Augustus' army. Fought at Galatian royal campaigns, Jewish War detachments, Egyptian service Fate Disappeared after early-second-century attestations; proposed destruction in Bar Kokhba's revolt is not secure. Read the legion's history in Legions →
In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 3: Hadrian: The Wall, the Army in Being, and the Last Jewish War
Read further Livius Legio XXII Deiotariana · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XIX Augustan period to 9 CE
Legion of Varus' Rhine army, with material evidence associated with its personnel; its eagle later featured in Germanicus' recovery narrative.
Raised Probably raised or organized under Octavian; early links remain uncertain. Fought at German frontier service, Teutoburg Forest 9 CE Fate Destroyed 9 CE and not restored under the same imperial number. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio XIX · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XVII contested Augustan period to 9 CE, reconstruction
Conventionally identified as the third legion lost with XVIII and XIX under Varus. The number's assignment is strong historical reconstruction rather than equal epigraphic certainty for all three.
Raised Usually reconstructed as an Augustan legion; secure direct evidence is unusually sparse. Fought at Teutoburg Forest 9 CE Fate Not re-created in the imperial numbered legion series after the disaster. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio XVII · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XVIII Augustan period to 9 CE
One of the legions destroyed under Varus in the German catastrophe; known officers and traces do not supply a full unit history.
Raised Probably an Octavianic foundation; earlier same-numbered Republican units need not be identical. Fought at German frontier service, Teutoburg Forest 9 CE Fate Destroyed 9 CE and not restored under the same imperial number. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio XVIII · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Slide NotebookLM FROM GOLD TO IRON AND RUST, slide 9 Legio XV Primigenia 39 CE-70 CE
Rhine legion associated with Vetera/Xanten, where it shared the catastrophe of the Batavian rebellion.
Raised Raised by Caligula with XXII Primigenia; the title invokes Fortuna Primigenia. Fought at Caligula's German campaigns, Civil war 69 CE, Siege of Vetera Fate Destroyed as an independent unit in the 70 CE Rhine crisis. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Civil war 69 CE
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian
Read further Livius Legio XV Primigenia · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XXII Primigenia From 39 CE into 4th century CE
Served the Rhine and became strongly associated with Mogontiacum/Mainz; its title invokes Fortuna Primigenia.
Raised Raised by Caligula with XV Primigenia. Fought at German campaigns, Civil war 69 CE, Rhine defense Fate Late history and final destruction are uncertain; do not assume one securely identified last battle. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Civil war 69 CE
Read further Livius Legio XXII Primigenia · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio I Italica From 66/67 CE into late antiquity
Long associated with Novae on the lower Danube; subunits could serve far from the parent fortress.
Raised Raised by Nero for a projected eastern expedition; dating 66 versus 67 CE is discussed. Fought at Civil war 69 CE, Dacian Wars, Eastern detachments Fate Named in late Roman military evidence; no securely fixed final dissolution date. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Civil war 69 CE , Dacian Wars
Read further Livius Legio I Italica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio I Adiutrix From 68 CE; attested into 5th century CE
A legion of Rhine and Danube service, eventually associated with Brigetio in Pannonia; its maritime origin explains the helper title.
Raised Marine recruits organized under Nero and/or Galba in 68 CE; founder attribution differs. Fought at First Bedriacum 69 CE, Batavian revolt, Dacian Wars Fate Late Roman Danubian continuation is attested; exact end is unknown. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Batavian revolt , Dacian Wars
Read further Livius Legio I Adiutrix · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio VII Gemina From 68 CE into late antiquity
Based for centuries at Legio/León, supporting Spanish administration, roads and mining while sending expeditionary detachments.
Raised Galba raised a seventh legion in Spain; Vespasian later augmented and renamed it Gemina. Fought at Civil war 69 CE, Rhine emergency 89 CE, British and African detachments Fate Its name appears in late Roman evidence; continuity beyond the imperial system is uncertain. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Civil war 69 CE
Read further Livius Legio VII Gemina · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio I Germanica Late Republic to 70 CE
Served Spain and the Rhine, with Bonna a principal base; loyalty crises in 69-70 CE ended its independent identity.
Raised Probably a Caesarian foundation around 48 BCE; early lineage remains uncertain. Fought at Cantabrian Wars, Germanicus' campaigns, Batavian revolt Fate Disbanded after the revolt; personnel contributed to VII Gemina. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Cantabrian Wars , Batavian revolt
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian
Read further Livius Legio I Germanica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Explainer NotebookLM The Battle of the Medway, Day One from Claudius War and Empire Legio II Adiutrix From 70 CE into late antiquity
Served the Rhine, Britain and eventually Aquincum; the transfer history illustrates how a legion could change theaters without losing its number.
Raised Vespasian organized Ravenna fleet personnel who had supported his cause. Fought at Batavian revolt, British campaigns, Danubian and eastern expeditions Fate The name remains in late Roman evidence; exact termination is unknown. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Batavian revolt
Read further Livius Legio II Adiutrix · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio IV Flavia Felix From 70 CE into late antiquity
Served Dalmatia and later the Danube, prominently at Singidunum; its lion emblem belongs to a documented military identity, not a modern clan genealogy.
Raised Vespasian reconstituted IV Macedonica under a new Flavian identity. Fought at Dacian Wars, Danubian defense, Eastern detachments Fate Attested into late antiquity. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Dacian Wars
Read further Livius Legio IV Flavia Felix · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XVI Flavia Firma From 70 CE into late antiquity
Transferred east, serving Satala and Samosata and building roads and infrastructure along the Euphrates frontier.
Raised Vespasian's reconstitution of XVI Gallica. Fought at Trajan's Parthian War, Eastern campaigns, Frontier construction Fate Late eastern evidence retains the legionary name. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio XVI Flavia Firma · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio II Italica From 165/166 CE into late antiquity
Associated with Lauriacum in Noricum, guarding the upper Danube; detachments participated in wider imperial operations.
Raised Raised under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus amid Danubian military pressure. Fought at Marcomannic Wars, Severan operations, Danubian defense Fate Late Roman formations preserved its name; the whole-unit continuity of each detachment must be distinguished. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Marcomannic Wars
Read further Livius Legio II Italica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio III Italica From 165/166 CE into late antiquity
Long associated with Castra Regina/Regensburg in Raetia; recruiting and building activity accompanied frontier warfare.
Raised Raised with II Italica under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Fought at Marcomannic Wars, Upper Danube defense, Later expeditions Fate Its name continued in late Roman Raetian forces. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Marcomannic Wars
In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 5: Marcus Aurelius: The Double Emergency
Read further Livius Legio III Italica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio I Parthica From 197 CE into late antiquity
Based at Singara in Roman Mesopotamia; equestrian command reflected the province's distinctive administration.
Raised Raised by Septimius Severus with II and III Parthica for eastern war. Fought at Severan Parthian War, Roman-Sasanian frontier wars Fate After Singara fell 360 CE, the legionary name is later attested at Constantina; continuity of personnel is uncertain. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio I Parthica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Map Index Archive Army Bases and Frontier Corridors Legio II Parthica From 197 CE into late antiquity
Unusually based near Rome at Albanum, functioning as an expeditionary reserve closely tied to imperial politics.
Raised Raised by Septimius Severus for war against Parthia. Fought at Severan Parthian War, Caracalla's eastern war, Third-century campaigns Fate Later evidence relocates its military context eastward; no single continuous base should be assumed. Read the legion's history in Legions →
In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 6: The Auction and the Severan Reconstruction
Read further Livius Legio II Parthica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio III Parthica From 197 CE into late antiquity
Stationed at Rhesaena in northern Mesopotamia; a less well documented legion than many of its counterparts.
Raised Raised by Septimius Severus with the other Parthian legions. Fought at Severan Parthian War, Third-century eastern wars Fate Later military evidence preserves the name; detailed movements and final fate are uncertain. Read the legion's history in Legions →
In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 6: The Auction and the Severan Reconstruction
Read further Livius Legio III Parthica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio III Augusta Late Republic into late antiquity, interrupted 238-253 CE
The main North African legion, later based at Lambaesis; roads, camps and regional coercion were central to its history.
Raised Probably formed in the triumviral period; secure African service begins by 30 BCE. Fought at Tacfarinas' war, African frontier campaigns, Civil conflict 238 CE Fate Disbanded after supporting Capelianus against the Gordians, restored 253 CE, and later attested again. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio III Augusta · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio I Maximiana Probably 296/297 CE onward
A Theban legion whose later field-army presence in Thrace illustrates transfers between Egypt and the Balkans; some campaign identifications remain inferential.
Raised Usually attributed to Diocletian's Egyptian reorganization and named for Maximian. Fought at Egyptian frontier service, Fourth-century Thracian service Fate Late sources preserve the name; participation in every nearby battle cannot be assumed. Read further Livius Legio I Maximiana
Legio III Diocletiana From Diocletian's Egyptian reorganization around 298 CE
Served Alexandria and Upper Egypt through distributed garrisons; a Theban field-army detachment shows that one legionary name could produce several formations.
Raised Named for Diocletian and associated with the reorganization of Egypt. Fought at Egyptian defense, Upper Nile garrison service Fate Late Roman parent and detached formations should be indexed separately when exact units matter. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio III Diocletiana
Caesar's X or Equestris contested Documented in Caesar's Gallic and civil wars
This is a Republican phase/index cross-reference, not an additional simultaneous Principate legion alongside X Gemina; later lineage includes discharge, re-enlistment and amalgamation.
Raised A pre-existing tenth legion trusted by Caesar; temporary mounting in a diplomatic episode lies behind the Equestris association. Fought at Ariovistus campaign, Sabis, Britain 55 BCE, Pharsalus Fate Consult X Gemina for conventional imperial lineage, and distinguish X Fretensis entirely. See also Sabis
Read further Livius Caesar's X or Equestris
Infographic NotebookLM Leadership from the Front: Caesar at the Sabis, 57 BC Legio I Armeniaca Probably 3rd century CE onward
An Armenian-associated legion later appearing in the eastern field army; its name records a regional military association rather than the ethnicity of every soldier.
Raised Founder and precise creation date are unknown. Fought at Julian's Persian campaign 363 CE Fate Named in the Notitia Dignitatum; exact later fate unknown. Read further Livius Legio I Armeniaca
Legio I Illyricorum From Aurelian's period into late antiquity
Eastern legion associated with Palmyra and a wider military building network; its name points to an Illyrian recruitment connection.
Raised Probably raised under Aurelian, securely attested by 273 CE. Fought at Aurelian's Palmyrene campaigns, Eastern frontier service Fate Attested in late Roman eastern defense; detailed final fate unknown. Read further Livius Legio I Illyricorum
Legio I Iovia Diocletianic period onward
Danubian legion in Scythia Minor, paired in tradition with II Herculia; the name invokes Jupiter and Tetrarchic imperial ideology.
Raised Probably created under Diocletian; exact foundation date unrecorded. Fought at Lower Danube defense Fate Listed in the late Roman military record; exact end unknown. Read further Livius Legio I Iovia
Legio I Minervia From Domitianic period into 4th century CE
Based at Bonna on the Rhine and involved in both frontier defense and expeditions; imperial loyalty titles changed with political crises.
Raised Created by Domitian, probably around 82 CE; protected in its name by Minerva. Fought at Dacian Wars, Severan civil wars, Rhine campaigns Fate Its late history is fragmentary; disappearance is not evidence for one securely known final battle. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Dacian Wars , Severan civil wars
Read further Livius Legio I Minervia · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Infographic ROMA archive From Domitian to Trajan, AD 96–117 Legio II Augusta Late Republic into late antiquity
A long-serving British legion, commanded by Vespasian during the invasion and later based at Isca/Caerleon.
Raised Possible connection to a second legion raised 43 BCE; exact early continuity is debated. Fought at Invasion of Britain 43 CE, Antonine Wall construction, Severan British campaigns Fate Late sources associate it with Rutupiae/Richborough; early fifth-century army withdrawal changed its setting. Read the legion's history in Legions →
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 4: Britain: Conquest and Revolt
Read further Livius Legio II Augusta · English Heritage Romans Power and Politics · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio II Herculia Diocletianic period onward
Scythian frontier legion named for the Herculean association of Maximian; inscriptions also demonstrate service beyond its home region.
Raised Probably created in the joint reign of Diocletian and Maximian; exact date unknown. Fought at Lower Danube defense, African detachment evidence Fate Present in late Roman lists; unit and detachment histories must not be conflated. Read further Livius Legio II Herculia
Legio II Traiana Fortis Early 2nd century CE into late antiquity
Eventually the principal Alexandrian legion in Egypt; the title Fortis means strong or steadfast and is an honorific, not a comparative performance score.
Raised Raised under Trajan, conventionally associated with the Dacian-war years. Fought at Trajan's eastern campaigns, Bar Kokhba period, Egyptian garrison service Fate Attested in late Roman Egyptian administration. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio II Traiana Fortis · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio III Cyrenaica Triumviral/early Augustan origins into late antiquity
Served Egypt and later Bostra in Arabia; its title alone does not prove every claimed early Cyrenaican campaign.
Raised Founder and early history are uncertain; Lepidus and Antony are possibilities. Fought at Arabian provincial occupation, Eastern expeditions, Arabian frontier service Fate Attested in late Roman Arabian military lists. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio III Cyrenaica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio III Gallica From Caesarian civil-war period into late antiquity
Prominent eastern legion associated with Syria and Raphanaea; its role in 69 CE linked provincial armies to imperial succession.
Raised Raised by Caesar around 49/48 BCE and later served Antony. Fought at Corbulo's Armenian War, Second Bedriacum 69 CE, Eastern wars Fate Temporarily disbanded after an early-third-century revolt and subsequently restored. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio III Gallica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio IV Scythica Triumviral period into late antiquity
Moved from the Danube to the Euphrates and became associated with Zeugma, an important crossing and garrison center.
Raised Usually associated with Antony's forces; exact origin and source of its Scythian title are uncertain. Fought at Armenian War and Rhandeia 62 CE, Eastern campaigns Fate Continued in late Roman eastern evidence; detachments and parent legion must be distinguished. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio IV Scythica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Diagram Index Archive Three Army Systems, Not One Timeless Legion Legio V Macedonica Triumviral origins into late antiquity
Served Macedonia, Oescus, the Jewish war and Dacia at Potaissa; later returned south of the Danube.
Raised Probably formed in 43 BCE; precise relation to other fifth legions is uncertain. Fought at Jewish War 66-70 CE, Dacian Wars, Marcomannic period Fate The name persists in late Roman forces, but later detachments were not unchanged six-thousand-man imperial legions. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Dacian Wars
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 6: The Jewish War
Read further Livius Legio V Macedonica · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio X Gemina Caesarian lineage; imperial reconstitution through late antiquity
Served Spain, Nijmegen and Vindobona/Vienna; its imperial identity is distinct from X Fretensis.
Raised Usually linked through reconstitution and amalgamation to Caesar's tenth; Gemina marks a composite identity. Fought at Gallic and civil-war lineage, Batavian revolt, Danubian defense Fate Attested in late Roman Danubian structures. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Batavian revolt
Read further Livius Legio X Gemina · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XIV Gemina Caesarian and Augustan reconstitutions into late antiquity
Won special fame in suppressing Boudicca, later associated with Mainz and Carnuntum; Gemina reflects amalgamation.
Raised Caesar's fourteenth was destroyed and replaced in the Gallic war; imperial continuity includes later reconstitution. Fought at Gallic War, Boudiccan revolt, Batavian revolt, Danubian wars Fate Remains in late Roman Danubian evidence. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Gallic War , Batavian revolt
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 4: Britain: Conquest and Revolt
Read further Livius Legio XIV Gemina · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XX Valeria Victrix Augustan origins into late antiquity
Served the Balkans, Rhine and Britain, eventually Chester/Deva; origin of the Valeria title is debated, while tile stamps document industrial and building work.
Raised Formation date is uncertain; commonly associated with Augustan organization. Fought at Illyrian revolt 6-9 CE, Invasion of Britain 43 CE, Boudiccan and northern campaigns Fate Its later history is fragmentary; disappearance should not be assigned a precise unsupported date. Read the legion's history in Legions →
Read further Livius Legio XX Valeria Victrix · Roman Inscriptions of Britain XX Valeria Victrix tile stamps · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XXI Rapax Augustan origins to later 1st century CE
Served Rhine bases including Vetera, Vindonissa, Bonn and Mainz before transfer to Pannonia; Rapax is a title, not an objective moral classification.
Raised Probably formed under Augustus using older troops and new recruits. Fought at Civil war 69 CE, Batavian revolt, Saturninus' revolt 89 CE Fate Usually identified with the legion lost in the Sarmatian disaster 92 CE; details remain incomplete. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Civil war 69 CE , Batavian revolt
Read further Livius Legio XXI Rapax · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix Early 2nd century CE into late antiquity
Served the Danube and then Vetera/Xanten, with detachments participating in imperial campaigns; its high number does not mean thirty older units all survived unchanged.
Raised Raised by Trajan, conventionally dated 105 CE; Ulpia refers to his family. Fought at Dacian Wars, Rhine defense, Eastern detachments Fate Name continued in late Roman units; institutional scale changed over time. Read the legion's history in Legions →
See also Dacian Wars
Read further Livius Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix · Cassius Dio Roman History Book LV23-24
