Each with its sides, its commanders and how it ended.
Roman intervention around Capua began the conventional first phase of the Samnite conflicts.
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 7
Former allies fought over the terms of Roman leadership and the political structure of the Latin alliance.
See also Latins, Roman citizenship
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 4: The Coalition War: Sentinum and Its Antecedents · Book II · Chapter 6: Cannae
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 8
Long conflict over regional influence, communications and alliances, including the Roman surrender at Caudium.
See also Caudine Forks, Samnites
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 9
Rome confronted Samnites and a wider coalition; the alignment of opponents changed between campaigns.
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 10
Tarentum sought Pyrrhus assistance against Rome; his Italian and Sicilian operations failed to secure a lasting settlement.
See also Heraclea, Asculum, Beneventum
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 6: The Consolidation of Italy · Book I · Proem · Book I · Epilogue: Rome in 264 BC
Read further Plutarch Life of Pyrrhus
Rome and Carthage fought for Sicily through sieges, fleets and an unsuccessful Roman invasion of Africa.
See also Mylae, Aegates Islands, Sicilia
Read further Polybius Histories Book 1
Roman naval and land intervention confronted the Illyrian kingdom associated with Teuta.
Read further Polybius Histories Book 2
Rome attacked Demetrius of Pharos after renewed challenges to its Adriatic settlement.
See also First Illyrian War, Macedonia
Read further Polybius Histories Book 2
Hannibal attack on Rome alliance system met sustained Roman mobilization and counteroffensives across several theaters.
Read further Polybius Histories Book 3 · Polybius Histories Book 15
Philip V alliance with Hannibal drew Rome into Greek coalition warfare.
Read further Polybius Histories Book 3
Rome and Greek allies confronted Philip V, culminating in the defeat of his field army.
See also Cynoscephalae, Macedonia
Read further Polybius Histories Book 18
Antiochus III intervention in Greece brought war with Rome and its regional allies.
See also Thermopylae 191 BCE, Magnesia
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 36 · Livy History of Rome Book 37
Conflict with Perseus ended in a decisive Roman invasion and victory.
Read further Plutarch Life of Aemilius
Protracted resistance to Roman expansion included Viriathus successful coalition and Roman atrocities and broken agreements.
Read further Appian Spanish Wars
Andriscus claim to Macedonian kingship challenged the post-Pydna settlement.
See also Macedonia
Read further Livy Periochae 46-50
Rome besieged Carthage after demands incompatible with the continued existence of the city.
See also Carthage
Read further Appian Punic Wars
Escalating disputes between Rome and the Achaean League ended in Roman military intervention.
In the volumes Book IV · Proem · Book IV · Chapter 6: The Achaean War and the Sack of Corinth
Read further Livy Periochae 51-55
Rome attempted to subdue Celtiberian resistance centered on Numantia.
See also Celtiberians
In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia
Read further Appian Spanish Wars
Large slave revolt formed a rebel kingdom amid severe exploitation on Sicilian estates.
Read further Diodorus Library Books 34-35 fragments
Migrations and coalition warfare produced Roman disasters before Marius victories.
See also Aquae Sextiae, Vercellae
Read further Plutarch Life of Marius
A Numidian succession struggle became a Roman war exposing military and political competition at Rome.
In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia
Read further Sallust Jugurthine War
Renewed rebellion followed disputes over enslavement and failed emancipation measures.
Read further Diodorus Library Book 36 fragments
Italian allies fought Rome over citizenship and political inclusion; loyalties were not uniformly divided by ethnicity.
See also Roman citizenship
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 4: The Social War and the Civil Wars of Marius and Sulla · Book V · Chapter 5: Wars in the Shadow of the Settlement: Mithridates, Sertorius, Spartacus · Book V · Epilogue: Rome in 31/30 BC · Book I · Chapter 2: The Latin Twilight and the Samnite Dawn · Book I · Chapter 6: The Consolidation of Italy · Book V · Chapter 1: The Gracchan Crisis: The Return of Political Violence · Book VII · Chapter 6: The Auction and the Severan Reconstruction
Read further Appian Civil Wars Book 1
Mithridates expelled Roman power from much of Asia before Sulla counterattacked in Greece.
See also Orchomenus
Read further Appian Mithridatic Wars
Disputes over command and citizenship produced competing armed seizures of Rome and Sulla return from the East.
See also Colline Gate, Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Read further Appian Civil Wars Book 1
Murena renewed hostilities without a durable senatorial mandate and was defeated.
See also Mithridates VI Eupator, Pontus
Read further Appian Mithridatic Wars
Sertorius organized a Roman and Iberian coalition against the Sullan order.
See also Hispania
In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia
Read further Plutarch Life of Sertorius
Conflict over Bithynia expanded through Lucullus invasions and Pompey eastern settlement.
See also Pontus
Read further Plutarch Life of Lucullus · Plutarch Life of Pompey
Escaped gladiators and enslaved people created a large mobile insurgency.
Read further Plutarch Life of Crassus
Caesar successive campaigns conquered much of Gaul through warfare, alliances, sieges and mass enslavement.
See also Alesia
Read further Caesar Gallic War Book 1 · Caesar Gallic War Book 7
Caesar crossed into Italy against senatorial opponents and Pompey, followed by campaigns against their successor armies.
See also Pharsalus, Thapsus, Munda
Read further Caesar Civil War Book III · Plutarch Life of Cato Minor
Caesar assassins mobilized provincial resources against the legally constituted Second Triumvirate.
See also Second Triumvirate
Read further Appian Civil Wars Book 4
Octavian coalition fought Antony and Cleopatra after the collapse of triumviral cooperation.
Read further Plutarch Life of Antony
Repeated Augustan campaigns completed Roman conquest of the northern peninsula through harsh subjugation.
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 54
Large provincial revolt required sustained imperial mobilization while other frontier operations were suspended.
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 55
Rome and Parthia contested the Armenian monarchy through invasion, defeat and negotiated settlement.
See also Armenia
Read further Tacitus Annals Book 15A
Revolt against Roman rule and local power structures became a major siege war.
See also Jerusalem
Read further Josephus Jewish War Book VI
Provincial and military challenges ended Nero rule and produced successive rival emperors.
See also First Bedriacum
Read further Tacitus Histories Book 2A · Tacitus Histories Book 3A
Civilis revolt combined auxiliary grievances and regional politics during Roman civil war.
See also Batavi
Read further Tacitus Histories Book 4A
Dacian attacks and Roman counteroffensives led to a negotiated frontier settlement.
See also Decebalus, Dacian Wars of Trajan
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 68
Two imperial invasions overturned Decebalus kingdom after an unstable initial settlement.
See also Dacia
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 68
Violent Jewish revolts coincided with Trajan eastern war; theaters and local circumstances differed.
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 68
A new Jewish polity resisted Hadrian through fortified settlements and guerrilla warfare.
See also Judaea
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 69
Roman counteroffensives followed Parthian gains in Armenia and Syria.
See also Avidius Cassius, Armenia
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 71
Repeated invasions and Roman counteroffensives involved Marcomanni, Quadi, Sarmatians and changing neighboring groups.
See also Marcomanni, Quadi, Iazyges
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 71
Rival imperial claims followed the murder of Pertinax.
See also Lugdunum 197 CE, Issus 194 CE
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 75 · Cassius Dio Roman History Book 76
Competing claims after the first tetrarchic succession destabilized collective government.
See also Milvian Bridge, Chrysopolis
Read further Excerpta Valesiana First Part: Constantine
Magnentius seizure of the western throne brought war with Constantius II.
See also Mursa Major
Read further Zosimus New History Book II
The admission and exploitation of Gothic groups escalated into revolt, imperial defeat and negotiated settlement.
See also Adrianople, Goths
Read further Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae Book 31
Theodoric entered Italy and fought Odoacer for control.
See also Ravenna
Read further Excerpta Valesiana
Kawad renewed major war with Rome, capturing Amida before Roman counteroperations.
Read further Procopius Persian Wars Books I and II · Kawad I reign by Nikolaus Schindel
Dispute over Caucasian Iberia expanded into frontier war.
See also Callinicum
Read further Procopius Persian Wars Books I and II
Justinian expedition attacked Gelimer Vandal kingdom and re-established imperial government in its core territories.
See also Ad Decimum, Tricamarum
Read further Procopius Vandalic Wars Books III and IV
Justinian armies fought successive Ostrogothic rulers for Italy in a destructive war of sieges and shifting control.
See also Rome, Taginae, Mons Lactarius
Read further Procopius Gothic Wars Books V and VI · Procopius Wars VIII 29-32: Taginae
Rome and Persia contested a strategically important kingdom through sieges, local alliances and diplomacy.
See also Petra
Read further Procopius Persian Wars Books I and II · Khosrow I
A new frontier war ended amid Sasanian civil conflict and Roman support for Khosrow II.
See also Armenia, Khosrow II Parviz
Read further Khosrow I · Khosrow II by James Howard-Johnston
Sasanian conquests of Roman provinces were reversed by Heraclius counteroffensives and a Persian political crisis.
See also Nineveh
Read further Khosrow II by James Howard-Johnston
Traditional battle linked to the defeat of a Latin coalition and the Tarquin restoration attempt.
See also Latins
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 2
Roman tradition recounts the destruction of a Fabian force fighting Veii.
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 2
Long siege narrative marks a major stage in Roman expansion beyond Latium.
See also Etruscans
Read further Plutarch Life of Camillus
A Roman defeat exposed the city to a Senonian occupation and sack.
See also Rome
Read further Plutarch Life of Camillus
Set-piece battle in the Latin War associated with the elder Decius Mus self-devotion.
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 2: The Latin Twilight and the Samnite Dawn · Book I · Chapter 3: The Long Samnite War · Book I · Chapter 4: The Coalition War: Sentinum and Its Antecedents · Book V · Chapter 5: Wars in the Shadow of the Settlement: Mithridates, Sertorius, Spartacus · Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 8
Roman forces were trapped and compelled to surrender; it was a capitulation rather than a conventional pitched battle.
See also Second Samnite War
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 3: The Long Samnite War · Book I · Epilogue: Rome in 264 BC · Book V · Chapter 2: The Jugurthine War and the Rise of Marius
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 9
Rome defeated the principal Samnite-Gallic field force of a larger anti-Roman coalition.
See also Third Samnite War
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 4: The Coalition War: Sentinum and Its Antecedents · Book I · Chapter 3: The Long Samnite War · Book I · Proem · Book I · Chapter 2: The Latin Twilight and the Samnite Dawn · Book I · Chapter 5: The Pyrrhic War · Book I · Chapter 6: The Consolidation of Italy
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 10
Pyrrhus first major Italian encounter with a Roman army demonstrated the cost of resisting his combined-arms force.
See also Pyrrhic War
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 5: The Pyrrhic War · Book I · Chapter 3: The Long Samnite War · Book I · Chapter 6: The Consolidation of Italy · Book I · Proem · Book II · Chapter 6: Cannae · Book IV · Chapter 6: The Achaean War and the Sack of Corinth
Read further Plutarch Life of Pyrrhus
A costly engagement between Pyrrhus coalition and Roman armies.
See also Pyrrhic War
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 5: The Pyrrhic War · Book V · Chapter 4: The Social War and the Civil Wars of Marius and Sulla · Book I · Chapter 2: The Latin Twilight and the Samnite Dawn · Book I · Chapter 4: The Coalition War: Sentinum and Its Antecedents
Read further Plutarch Life of Pyrrhus
Roman forces confronted Pyrrhus after his return from Sicily.
See also Pyrrhic War
In the volumes Book I · Chapter 5: The Pyrrhic War · Book I · Chapter 3: The Long Samnite War · Book I · Chapter 6: The Consolidation of Italy
Read further Plutarch Life of Pyrrhus
Roman siege and relief battle demonstrated commitment to a sustained Sicilian war.
See also First Punic War
Read further Polybius Histories Book 1
Rome early fleet defeated Carthaginian ships using boarding tactics.
See also First Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 1: The First Punic War: Opening and the Birth of Roman Sea-Power
Read further Polybius Histories Book 1
Large naval battle cleared the way for Roman passage to Africa.
See also First Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 1: The First Punic War: Opening and the Birth of Roman Sea-Power
Read further Polybius Histories Book 1
Carthaginian cavalry and elephants overcame Regulus army after its advance into Africa.
See also First Punic War
Read further Polybius Histories Book 1
An unsuccessful Roman attack became a major naval defeat.
See also First Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 2: The First Punic War: Africa, Sicily, and the Long Resolution · Book II · Chapter 1: The First Punic War: Opening and the Birth of Roman Sea-Power
Read further Polybius Histories Book 1
The rebuilt Roman fleet intercepted the Carthaginian relief effort.
See also First Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 2: The First Punic War: Africa, Sicily, and the Long Resolution · Book II · Chapter 3: The Interwar Years: Mercenary War, Sardinia, Gauls, and Illyrians
Read further Polybius Histories Book 1
Two Roman consular armies caught a Gallic coalition during its withdrawal.
See also Gauls
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 3: The Interwar Years: Mercenary War, Sardinia, Gauls, and Illyrians · Book II · Chapter 4: The Coming of Hannibal: From Saguntum to the Alps
Read further Polybius Histories Book 2
Cavalry engagement early in Hannibal Italian invasion.
See also Second Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 5: The Year of Hannibal: Ticinus, Trebia, Trasimene, and the Fabian Strategy · Book III · Chapter 3: The Spanish Theater: The Elder Scipios and the Rise of the Younger · Book III · Chapter 7: Zama and the Peace · Book II · Chapter 4: The Coming of Hannibal: From Saguntum to the Alps · Book II · Epilogue: Rome in the Late Summer of 216 · Book III · Proem · Book III · Chapter 6: Scipio in Africa
Read further Polybius Histories Book 3
Hannibal defeated a Roman consular army after drawing it across a cold river.
See also Second Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 5: The Year of Hannibal: Ticinus, Trebia, Trasimene, and the Fabian Strategy · Book III · Chapter 7: Zama and the Peace · Book I · Chapter 4: The Coalition War: Sentinum and Its Antecedents · Book II · Chapter 6: Cannae · Book II · Epilogue: Rome in the Late Summer of 216 · Book III · Proem
Read further Polybius Histories Book 3
Hannibal ambushed the advancing Roman army beside the lake.
See also Second Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 5: The Year of Hannibal: Ticinus, Trebia, Trasimene, and the Fabian Strategy
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 22
Hannibal coalition enveloped and destroyed much of a large Roman army.
See also Second Punic War
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 6: Cannae · Book II · Epilogue: Rome in the Late Summer of 216 · Book II · Proem · Book III · Chapter 1: The Aftermath of Cannae: Recovery, Capua, and the Macedonian Threat · Book III · Chapter 6: Scipio in Africa · Book III · Chapter 7: Zama and the Peace · Book III · Proem · Book VIII · Chapter 3: Adrianople and the Gothic Settlement and 11 more
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 22
Scipio attacked the principal Carthaginian logistical and political base in Iberia.
See also Second Punic War, Carthago Nova
Read further Polybius Histories Book 11
Roman commanders combined forces to intercept Hannibal brother before the Punic armies united.
See also Second Punic War
In the volumes Book III · Chapter 4: Hasdrubal's March and the Metaurus · Book II · Epilogue: Rome in the Late Summer of 216 · Book III · Proem · Book III · Chapter 5: Ilipa and the End of Carthaginian Spain · Book II · Proem · Book II · Chapter 4: The Coming of Hannibal: From Saguntum to the Alps
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 27
Scipio defeated the main Carthaginian field army in Spain.
See also Second Punic War
In the volumes Book III · Chapter 5: Ilipa and the End of Carthaginian Spain · Book III · Chapter 6: Scipio in Africa · Book III · Proem · Book IV · Chapter 2: The Syrian War: Antiochus, Thermopylae, and Magnesia · Book IV · Chapter 3: The Third Macedonian War: Aemilius Paullus and Pydna
Read further Polybius Histories Book 11
Scipio Roman-Numidian coalition defeated Hannibal after his recall from Italy.
See also Second Punic War
In the volumes Book III · Chapter 7: Zama and the Peace · Book III · Proem · Book IV · Chapter 5: The Third Punic War and the Destruction of Carthage · Book II · Epilogue: Rome in the Late Summer of 216 · Book IV · Proem · Book IV · Chapter 1: The Second Macedonian War: Flamininus and Cynoscephalae · Book V · Chapter 2: The Jugurthine War and the Rise of Marius · Book II · Proem and 6 more
Read further Polybius Histories Book 15
Flamininus defeated Philip V in an encounter whose uneven deployment exposed the Macedonian army.
See also Second Macedonian War
In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 3: The Third Macedonian War: Aemilius Paullus and Pydna · Book IV · Chapter 1: The Second Macedonian War: Flamininus and Cynoscephalae · Book IV · Chapter 2: The Syrian War: Antiochus, Thermopylae, and Magnesia
Read further Polybius Histories Book 18
Roman forces outflanked Antiochus position at the pass.
See also Roman Seleucid War
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 36
Roman and Pergamene armies defeated Antiochus III large field army.
See also Roman Seleucid War
In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 2: The Syrian War: Antiochus, Thermopylae, and Magnesia · Book III · Chapter 7: Zama and the Peace · Book IV · Proem · Book IV · Chapter 3: The Third Macedonian War: Aemilius Paullus and Pydna
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 37
Paullus defeated Perseus in the decisive battle of the Third Macedonian War.
See also Third Macedonian War
In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 3: The Third Macedonian War: Aemilius Paullus and Pydna · Book IV · Proem · Book III · Epilogue: Rome in 201 BC · Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia · Book IV · Chapter 6: The Achaean War and the Sack of Corinth · Book V · Chapter 1: The Gracchan Crisis: The Return of Political Violence
Read further Livy History of Rome Book 44
Roman victory over Achaean forces was followed by destruction of Corinth.
See also Achaean War
In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 6: The Achaean War and the Sack of Corinth · Book IV · Epilogue: Rome in 146 BC · Book IV · Chapter 5: The Third Punic War and the Destruction of Carthage
Read further Livy Periochae 51-55
Divided Roman commands suffered a major defeat against migrating northern coalitions.
See also Cimbrian War
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 3: The Northern Peril: The Cimbri, the Teutones, and the Marian Army · Book V · Chapter 4: The Social War and the Civil Wars of Marius and Sulla
Read further Plutarch Life of Marius
Marius defeated Teutonic and Ambrone forces after controlled confrontation near his camp.
See also Cimbrian War
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 3: The Northern Peril: The Cimbri, the Teutones, and the Marian Army
Read further Plutarch Life of Marius
Roman armies defeated the Cimbri after the previous year victory in Gaul.
See also Cimbrian War
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 3: The Northern Peril: The Cimbri, the Teutones, and the Marian Army · Book V · Chapter 4: The Social War and the Civil Wars of Marius and Sulla · Book VI · Chapter 4: Britain: Conquest and Revolt
Read further Plutarch Life of Marius
Sulla defeated the Pontic field army in Greece.
See also First Mithridatic War
Read further Plutarch Life of Sulla
Sulla defeated renewed Pontic forces after the earlier victory at Chaeronea.
See also First Mithridatic War
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 5: Wars in the Shadow of the Settlement: Mithridates, Sertorius, Spartacus · Book IV · Chapter 6: The Achaean War and the Sack of Corinth
Read further Plutarch Life of Sulla
Sulla army defeated a coalition including Samnite forces at Rome northern defenses.
See also Sullan civil wars
In the volumes Book III · Chapter 2: The Sicilian Theater: Syracuse and the Recovery of the Italian South · Book V · Chapter 4: The Social War and the Civil Wars of Marius and Sulla · Book V · Chapter 5: Wars in the Shadow of the Settlement: Mithridates, Sertorius, Spartacus
Read further Appian Civil Wars Book 1
Lucullus defeated Tigranes relief army and captured his new royal city.
See also Third Mithridatic War
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 6: Pompey and the Conquest of the East
Read further Plutarch Life of Lucullus
Caesar confronted Ariovistus coalition east of his earlier Gallic operations.
See also Gallic War, Suebi
Read further Caesar Gallic War Book 1
Caesar fought the migrating Helvetii and associated groups.
See also Gallic War, Helvetii
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 7: Caesar in Gaul
Read further Caesar Gallic War Book 1
A close battle followed a sudden attack on Caesar army during camp construction.
See also Gallic War, Nervii
Read further Caesar Gallic War Book 2
Parthian mounted forces defeated Crassus infantry-centered invasion army.
In the volumes Book V · Proem · Book V · Chapter 7: Caesar in Gaul · Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic · Book VI · Chapter 1: The Augustan Conquests · Book VI · Chapter 2: The Great Illyrian Revolt and the Varian Disaster · Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian · Book VII · Chapter 6: The Auction and the Severan Reconstruction · Book VIII · Chapter 1: The Tetrarchy and the Wars of Constantine
Read further Plutarch Life of Crassus
Roman siegeworks faced both the enclosed Gallic army and an external relief force.
See also Gallic War
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 7: Caesar in Gaul · Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia · Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic · Book VI · Chapter 6: The Jewish War
Read further Caesar Gallic War Book 7
Caesar unsuccessful attack on Vercingetorix elevated position ended in Roman withdrawal.
See also Gallic War
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 7: Caesar in Gaul
Read further Caesar Gallic War Book 7
Pompey broke Caesar siege lines and compelled a retreat.
See also Caesar civil war
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 3: The Interwar Years: Mercenary War, Sardinia, Gauls, and Illyrians
Read further Caesar Civil War Book III
Caesar defeated Pompey principal field army.
See also Caesar civil war
In the volumes Book V · Proem · Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic · Book V · Epilogue: Rome in 31/30 BC
Read further Caesar Civil War Book III
Caesar defeated Pharnaces II during his rapid return through the eastern territories.
See also Pontus
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 6: Pompey and the Conquest of the East · Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic
Read further Appian Mithridatic Wars
Caesar defeated the coalition of Pompeian commanders and Juba I.
See also Caesar civil war
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic · Book V · Proem
Read further Plutarch Life of Cato Minor
Caesar confronted the final major Pompeian army.
See also Caesar civil war
In the volumes Book V · Proem · Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic
Read further Anonymous Spanish War in the Caesarian corpus
Consular and Octavian forces fought Antony during the struggle over Decimus Brutus command.
See also Second Triumvirate
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 5: Wars in the Shadow of the Settlement: Mithridates, Sertorius, Spartacus · Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic
Read further Appian Civil Wars Book 3
Two battles decided the contest between triumviral armies and Caesar assassins.
See also Liberators civil war
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic
Read further Appian Civil Wars Book 4
Agrippa fleet defeated Sextus Pompey near the Sicilian coast.
See also Sextus Pompey
In the volumes Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic
Read further Appian Civil Wars Book 5
Naval battle and subsequent collapse of Antony position decided the final republican civil war.
See also Final war of the Republic
In the volumes Book V · Epilogue: Rome in 31/30 BC · Book V · Proem · Book VI · Proem · Book IV · Epilogue: Rome in 146 BC · Book V · Chapter 8: The Civil Wars and the End of the Republic
Read further Plutarch Life of Antony
Arminius coalition attacked Varus marching army over several days.
See also Arminius
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 56
Germanicus fought Arminius coalition east of the Weser.
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 3: Germanicus and the Julio-Claudian North
Read further Tacitus Annals Book 2A
River fighting during the Claudian invasion opened the advance toward the Thames.
In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 4: Britain: Conquest and Revolt · Book VI · Chapter 7: The Year of the Four Emperors and the Batavian Revolt
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 60
Suetonius selected a constrained position against the rebel army; the traditional Watling Street label is not a secure site identification.
Read further Tacitus Annals Book 14B
Vitellian armies defeated forces loyal to Otho in the succession war.
See also Year of the Four Emperors
Read further Tacitus Histories Book 2A
Flavian forces defeated Vitellian armies; Cremona was then violently sacked.
See also Year of the Four Emperors
Read further Tacitus Histories Book 3A
Roman assault took the city after factional warfare and extreme siege conditions.
See also First Jewish Revolt
Read further Josephus Jewish War Book VI
Agricola defeated a Caledonian coalition in Tacitus account; site and date remain debated.
See also Britannia, Caledonians
Read further Tacitus Agricola
Trajan army defeated Dacian forces near a strategic approach into the kingdom.
See also Dacian Wars of Trajan
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 68
Severan forces defeated Pescennius Niger in the decisive eastern civil-war battle.
See also Severan civil wars
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 75
Severus defeated the army of his former Caesar, Clodius Albinus.
See also Severan civil wars
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 76
Shapur inscription reports a major victory over a Roman army; exact campaign chronology is disputed.
See also Sasanian Empire
Read further Shapur I History by A Shapur Shahbazi
Shapur defeated Valerian army and captured the emperor.
See also Shapur I
Read further Shapur I History by A Shapur Shahbazi
Aurelian again defeated Palmyrene forces after their retreat from Antioch.
See also Palmyra
In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 6: The Auction and the Severan Reconstruction · Book VII · Chapter 8: The Recovery, 260–284
Read further Zosimus New History
Aurelian defeated Palmyrene cavalry and continued the recovery of the eastern provinces.
In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 8: The Recovery, 260–284
Read further Zosimus New History
Constantine defeated Maxentius near the Tiber crossing.
See also Tetrarchic civil wars
In the volumes Book VIII · Chapter 1: The Tetrarchy and the Wars of Constantine
Read further Excerpta Valesiana First Part: Constantine
Constantine defeated Licinius after earlier victories on land and sea.
See also Tetrarchic civil wars
In the volumes Book VIII · Chapter 1: The Tetrarchy and the Wars of Constantine
Read further Excerpta Valesiana First Part: Constantine
Constantius II defeated Magnentius in a costly civil-war battle.
See also Magnentian civil war
Read further Zosimus New History Book II
Julian defeated an Alamannic coalition near Strasbourg.
See also Alamanni
In the volumes Book VIII · Chapter 2: The House of Constantine at War: Persia, Strasbourg, and the Road to Ctesiphon
Read further Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae Book 16
Shapur army captured the fortified city after sustained resistance witnessed by Ammianus.
See also Shapur II
Read further Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae Book 19
Julian defeated forces outside the capital but did not capture the city; his subsequent retreat became disastrous.
See also Julian Persian campaign
Read further Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae Book 24
Valens attacked the Gothic coalition before western reinforcements arrived.
See also Gothic War 376-382 CE
In the volumes Book VII · Epilogue: The World-State at 284 · Book VIII · Chapter 3: Adrianople and the Gothic Settlement · Book VIII · Chapter 1: The Tetrarchy and the Wars of Constantine · Book VIII · Epilogue: The Audit of the Eight Hundred Years
Read further Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae Book 31
Theodosius defeated the western regime of Eugenius and Arbogast.
See also Eugenius
In the volumes Book VIII · Chapter 3: Adrianople and the Gothic Settlement
Read further Zosimus New History Book IV
Stilicho checked Alaric army during its invasion of Italy.
See also Stilicho
In the volumes Book VIII · Chapter 4: Stilicho, the Rhine Crossing, and the Sack of Rome
Read further Claudian Gothic War and Stilicho poems
Stilicho trapped and defeated Radagaisus invading force near Florence.
See also Stilicho
In the volumes Book VIII · Chapter 4: Stilicho, the Rhine Crossing, and the Sack of Rome
Read further Zosimus New History Book V · Orosius Histories against the Pagans Book VII
A Roman-Visigothic coalition fought Attila army; tactical details and exact location remain uncertain.
In the volumes Book VII · Epilogue: The World-State at 284
Read further Jordanes Getica
The eastern-led expedition against Geiseric was crippled by a naval disaster.
See also Vandals
In the volumes Book II · Chapter 1: The First Punic War: Opening and the Birth of Roman Sea-Power
Read further Procopius Vandalic Wars Books III and IV
Belisarius defended a fortified position with trenches and coordinated allied contingents.
See also Iberian War
Read further Procopius Persian Wars Books I and II
Roman and Persian armies fought after a Persian raid across Syria.
See also Iberian War
In the volumes Book VIII · Chapter 1: The Tetrarchy and the Wars of Constantine
Read further Procopius Persian Wars Books I and II
Dispersed Vandal attacks failed to coordinate against Belisarius advancing army.
See also Vandalic War
Read further Procopius Vandalic Wars Books III and IV
Belisarius defeated Gelimer reorganized army after the capture of Carthage.
See also Vandalic War
Read further Procopius Vandalic Wars Books III and IV
Vitiges besieged Belisarius garrison; supply, walls, sorties and waterways shaped the struggle.
See also Gothic War in Italy
Read further Procopius Gothic Wars Books V and VI
Teias last major Ostrogothic army fought Narses near Vesuvius.
See also Gothic War in Italy
Read further Procopius Wars VIII 33-35: final Italian operations
Narses defeated Totila army near Busta Gallorum.
See also Gothic War in Italy
Read further Procopius Wars VIII 29-32: Taginae
Avar-Slav forces attacked the city while a Persian army operated across the Bosporus.
See also Last Roman Persian War
Read further Khosrow II by James Howard-Johnston
Heraclius defeated a Persian field army during a deep winter campaign.
See also Last Roman Persian War
Read further Khosrow II by James Howard-Johnston
A major imperial army was defeated during the early Muslim conquest of the Levant.
See also Syria
Read further Al Baladhuri on Yarmuk
Romanos IV was defeated and captured by Alp Arslan; subsequent civil wars magnified the consequences.
Read further Peter Frankopan Manzikert 1071
Fourth Crusade forces assaulted and plundered the imperial capital.
Read further Fordham Byzantine source collection
Ottoman siege ended the rule of the last Constantinopolitan Roman emperor.
Read further Fordham Byzantine source collection
Extraordinary command coordinated regional fleets and land forces against maritime raiding networks.
Read further Plutarch Life of Pompey
Two expeditions projected Roman power beyond Gaul without establishing a province.
See also Britannia
Read further Caesar Gallic War Book 4 · Caesar Gallic War Book 5
An invasion force established a provincial foothold and expanded through decades of campaigning and negotiation.
See also Britannia
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 60
Trajan annexed Armenia and advanced to Ctesiphon and the Persian Gulf amid resistance and revolts.
See also Armenia, Mesopotamia
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 68
Severus campaigned east after civil-war victories and captured Ctesiphon; Hatra resisted.
See also Mesopotamia, Ctesiphon
Read further Cassius Dio Roman History Book 75 · Cassius Dio Roman History Book 76
Aurelian fought invasions and restored provinces held by the Palmyrene and Gallic regimes.
See also Immae, Emesa, Palmyra
Read further Zosimus New History
Julian advanced toward Ctesiphon, then withdrew through hostile territory after failing to take the capital.
See also Ctesiphon 363 CE
Read further Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae Book 24 · Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae Book 25
Repeated invasions, sieges and negotiations sought support, office and settlement within imperial politics.
Read further Claudian Gothic War and Stilicho poems · Zosimus New History Book V · Orosius Histories against the Pagans Book VII
Mobile campaigns and alliances threatened the Sasanian heartland while Constantinople survived siege.
See also Last Roman Persian War
Read further Khosrow II by James Howard-Johnston