Peoples

Allies, rivals and invaders, from the Samnites to the Arabs.

Peoples, allies and opponents 93

Aedui

Late Republic · Central Gaul

Long-standing Roman partners whose internal politics and rivalry with the Arverni and Sequani shaped Caesar's intervention; factions and allegiance shifted during the conquest.

In the volumes Book V · Chapter 7: Caesar in Gaul

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Aetolian and Achaean leagues

Republic, especially 3rd-2nd centuries BCE · Greece

Distinct Greek federations alternated between Roman partnership and resistance; defeat and intervention transformed their autonomy without ending Greek civic institutions.

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

Aksumites

Late antiquity · Horn of Africa and Red Sea

Red Sea kingdom engaged in trade, Christian kingship and Arabian intervention; its contacts with Rome included diplomacy and commerce rather than Roman provincial subordination.

Alamanni

Third century CE onward · Upper Rhine and southwest Germany

A changing confederation central to Roman frontier warfare, notably Strasbourg 357 CE; Roman defeats and treaties did not create an unchanging political bloc.

Alans

Fourth-fifth centuries CE and later · Steppe Gaul Iberia and Africa

Iranian-speaking groups with diverse trajectories: some served Rome, others joined Vandals and other migrating coalitions, while communities remained in the Caucasus.

Armenians and Armenian kingdoms

Republic to late antiquity · Armenian highlands

Kingdoms and noble houses navigated Roman and Iranian intervention; Armenia was often a contested partner rather than simply a Roman province or Persian possession.

Arverni

Late Republic · Central Gaul

Powerful people of the Auvergne; Vercingetorix led a broad coalition against Caesar 52 BCE. Their subsequent civitas retained regional significance under Roman rule.

See also Vercingetorix, Gergovia, Alesia

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Attalid kingdom of Pergamum

Republic to 133 BCE bequest · Western Anatolia

Important Roman ally against Macedon and the Seleucids; Attalus III's bequest triggered succession conflict before the province Asia was organized.

Avars

Sixth-eighth centuries CE · Middle Danube and Balkans

Steppe-centered khaganate employing mixed populations and pressuring eastern Roman frontiers; allied with Persia during the siege of Constantinople 626 CE.

Batavi

First-second centuries CE · Lower Rhine delta

Privileged Roman military recruiting community that revolted under Julius Civilis 69-70 CE; their history demonstrates that service and rebellion could involve the same networks.

Belgae

Late Republic and Empire · Northeastern Gaul

Caesar's collective name for northern peoples, including Nervii and others; the later province of Belgica had a related but distinct administrative scope.

See also Nervii, Gallic War, Gallia Belgica

In the volumes Book V · Chapter 7: Caesar in Gaul

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

SlideNotebookLM57 BC: the Belgic Confederation from The Gallic War: A Chronology, 58–50 BC

Blemmyes and Nobadians

Late Roman period · Nubia and upper Nile

Distinct groups and political formations involved in raids, treaties and frontier settlement south of Egypt; religious and diplomatic transitions differed by community.

Bosporan kingdom

Late Republic and Empire · Crimea and Taman peninsula

Black Sea client monarchy connected to Pontic grain, dynastic politics and Roman patronage; Roman recognition did not mean routine direct provincial government.

In the volumes Book V · Chapter 6: Pompey and the Conquest of the East

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

Brigantes

First-second centuries CE · Northern Britain

Large northern British grouping divided by rival rulers, including pro-Roman Cartimandua and resisting Venutius; Roman conquest followed shifting internal and external alliances.

Britons

Late Republic and Empire · Britain

An umbrella term for varied island communities and kingdoms, encountered by Caesar and later conquered in part under Claudius; local identities and institutions remained important.

Bulgars

Fifth century CE onward; Danubian state from late 7th century · Pontic steppe and Balkans

Steppe groups appeared in late Roman warfare; a later Bulgarian polity south of the Danube became a major eastern Roman rival and partner.

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

Burgundians

Fifth-sixth centuries CE · Rhine and southeastern Gaul

Groups devastated near the Rhine and resettled in Sapaudia developed a kingdom integrated into Frankish expansion; federate service formed part of their history.

Caledonians

First-third centuries CE · Northern Britain

Roman name for northern groups beyond permanent provincial control, including opponents in Agricola's campaigns; geography and political coalitions should not be treated as static.

See also Mons Graupius, Agricola, Britannia

In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 4: Britain: Conquest and Revolt · Book VII · Chapter 4: The Antonine Noon and Its Wars

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Campanians

Republican Italy · Campania

Communities around Capua and other wealthy centers entered differing relationships with Rome; Capua's Hannibalic alliance ended in severe Roman punishment 211 BCE.

In the volumes Book I · Chapter 2: The Latin Twilight and the Samnite Dawn · Book I · Chapter 5: The Pyrrhic War · Book I · Chapter 6: The Consolidation of Italy

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

MapIndex ArchiveLate Roman Courts and Contested Frontiers

Cantabri and Astures

Late Republic and Augustan Empire · Northern Iberia

Northern peoples subjected during Augustus' protracted wars 29-19 BCE, with later military recruitment and mining economies; provincial integration followed continuing coercion and accommodation.

In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 1: The Augustan Conquests

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Carthaginians

Republic, especially 264-146 BCE · North Africa and western Mediterranean

Punic imperial power and commercial network, at times treaty partner before the three Punic wars; Rome destroyed Carthage 146 BCE, while Punic language and practices continued.

Catuvellauni and Trinovantes

Late Republic and 1st century CE · Southeastern Britain

Neighboring political communities central to Caesar's contacts and Claudian conquest; dynastic power and relations with Rome changed before annexation.

Caucasian Iberians

Republic and late antiquity · Eastern Georgia

Kingdom in the Caucasus, distinct from Iberian Spain, whose rulers negotiated with Rome and Iranian powers; religion and strategic passes shaped those relations.

Celtiberians

Republic, especially 2nd century BCE · Central and northeastern Iberia

Communities combining Celtic-language and Iberian cultural contexts, including the Arevaci; Numantia became famous for prolonged resistance and destruction 133 BCE.

In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia · Book V · Chapter 1: The Gracchan Crisis: The Return of Political Violence

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Chatti

Empire · Central Germany

Rhine-adjacent people repeatedly attacked by Roman forces, especially under Domitian; frontiers and identities changed over centuries of contact.

In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian · Book VI · Chapter 3: Germanicus and the Julio-Claudian North

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Tacitus Germania

SlideNotebookLMThe Legacy of Domitian and the Price of Peace from The First Dacian War: Rome Probes the Carpathian Fortress

Cherusci

Early 1st century CE · Northern Germany

People associated with Arminius, whose coalition destroyed Varus' army 9 CE; intra-elite rivalry and Roman patronage also shaped their politics.

In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 1: The Augustan Conquests · Book VI · Chapter 2: The Great Illyrian Revolt and the Varian Disaster

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Tacitus Germania

Colchians and Lazi

Republic and late antiquity · Eastern Black Sea and western Georgia

Colchis and later Lazica occupied a strategic coast between Roman and Iranian spheres; the Lazic War reflects local royal decisions as well as imperial rivalry.

Dacians and Getae

Republic and Empire · Lower Danube and Carpathians

Related but variably used ancient names; kingdoms under Burebista and Decebalus challenged Roman power. Trajan conquered part of this wider world in 106 CE.

Etruscans

Early Rome to late Republic · Etruria and northern/central Italy

Urban communities with their own language, religious expertise and political histories; Rome fought and incorporated different Etruscan cities rather than conquering one unified nation.

In the volumes Book I · Chapter 4: The Coalition War: Sentinum and Its Antecedents · Book I · Chapter 1: The Gallic Catastrophe · Book I · Chapter 2: The Latin Twilight and the Samnite Dawn · Book I · Proem · Book I · Chapter 3: The Long Samnite War · Book I · Chapter 6: The Consolidation of Italy

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

Franks

Third century CE onward · Lower Rhine and northern Gaul

Confederated groups became raiders, soldiers, settlers and regional rulers. Frankish military service within Roman politics preceded post-imperial Merovingian kingship.

Frisii and Chauci

Early Empire · North Sea coast

Distinct coastal groups involved in Roman tribute, recruitment, naval operations and conflict; tidal landscapes shaped both imperial campaigns and local livelihoods.

Gaetuli

Republic and Empire · North African interior

Roman label for diverse groups south of the main coastal settlements, appearing as cavalry, allies and opponents; it does not denote one continuous state.

Galatians

Republic and early Empire · Central Anatolia

Celtic-speaking communities with their own political structures became Roman allies and client rulers before Galatia's annexation 25 BCE.

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII · Strabo Geography Books XI-XIV

Garamantes

Empire · Fezzan Sahara

Saharan kingdom with irrigated settlements and trans-desert exchange, involved in diplomacy and conflict with Roman Africa; desert geography did not mean political isolation.

Gauls or Celts

Republic and Empire · Gaul and wider Europe

Broad ancient labels for diverse communities, languages and political forms. Caesar's conquest created Roman provincial government, not an instantaneous uniform cultural identity.

Gepids

Fifth-sixth centuries CE · Middle Danubian and Carpathian regions

Former participants in the Hunnic world gained regional power after Attila; later defeated by Lombard-Avar cooperation 567 CE.

Germanic peoples

Republic to late Empire · Central and northern Europe

A linguistic and ancient ethnographic grouping encompassing numerous changing societies. Roman usage did not identify one state or a uniform permanent enemy.

Ghassanids or Jafnids

Principally 6th century CE · Syrian and Arabian frontier

Arab ruling coalition allied with eastern Rome, important in warfare and Christian patronage; the labels Ghassanid and Jafnid do not describe every Arab allied group.

Goths

Third century CE onward · Black Sea Balkans and western kingdoms

Changing group identities and coalitions connected raids, Roman service, migration and successor states; later Visigoth/Ostrogoth labels should not be projected unchanged into every earlier episode.

Greek cities of Italy and Sicily

Republic and Empire · Southern Italy and Sicily

Independent or dependent poleis such as Tarentum and Syracuse alternated between alliance, resistance and incorporation; Greek civic and cultural life survived Roman conquest.

See also Tarentum, Syracuse, Pyrrhic War

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

Greuthungi

Fourth century CE · Pontic and lower Danubian regions

Gothic-associated grouping encountered during Hunnic expansion and Roman frontier crises; their later relationship to Ostrogothic identity is complex.

Helvetii

58 BCE and imperial period · Swiss plateau and Gaul

Their migration prompted Caesar's opening Gallic campaign and defeat near Bibracte; survivors were returned to their homeland, later integrated into imperial provincial structures.

In the volumes Book V · Chapter 7: Caesar in Gaul

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

SlideNotebookLM58 BC: the Helvetii Migration from Caesar's Wars: The Path to Imperium, 58–45 BC

Heruli and Rugii

Fifth-sixth centuries CE · Danube and Italy

Distinct groups active as soldiers and regional rulers after Hunnic collapse; Odoacer's coalition and eastern Roman service involved varied identities.

Himyarites

Late antiquity · Southern Arabia

Arabian kingdom with complex Jewish, Christian and other religious histories; Aksumite and Sasanian interventions connected it to wider imperial rivalry.

Huns

Late 4th-fifth centuries CE · Pontic and Danubian steppe

A mobile imperial coalition incorporating many peoples; Attila negotiated tribute and fought both eastern and western Roman powers before the coalition fragmented.

Iazyges

First-fourth centuries CE · Plain east of middle Danube

Sarmatian groups important in the Marcomannic wars and later frontier settlements; some cavalry were transferred into Roman service in Britain after peace terms.

In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 5: Marcus Aurelius: The Double Emergency · Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian · Book VII · Chapter 1: The Dacian Wars of Trajan

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Tacitus Germania

Iberians and Turdetani

Republic and Empire · Eastern and southern Iberia

Regional cultural and linguistic groupings rather than one kingdom; Rome absorbed varied city networks, agricultural districts and mining zones through conquest and negotiation.

In the volumes Book II · Chapter 6: Cannae · Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Iceni

First century CE · Eastern Britain

Client community associated with Prasutagus and Boudicca; Roman intervention after the king's death helped trigger the major revolt of 60/61 CE.

Illyrians and Dalmatae

Republic and Empire · Western Balkans

Roman and Greek umbrella labels encompassed distinct communities; Dalmatae were one important group, while later Illyricum was an administrative and military designation.

In the volumes Book II · Proem · Book VI · Epilogue: The World-State at 96

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

Judaeans and Jews

Republic and Empire · Levant and Mediterranean diaspora

Diverse communities connected by religion and institutions, with differing civic and political circumstances; revolt, diaspora life and imperial service cannot be reduced to one permanent allegiance.

Kingdom of Kush at Meroe

Republic and early Empire · Middle Nile

Nubian kingdom fought and negotiated with Augustan Egypt; its political and commercial relationships extended beyond the Roman frontier.

Lakhmids or Nasrids

Late antiquity to 602 CE · Lower Mesopotamia and Arabian frontier

Arab dynasty centered on al-Hira, generally connected to Sasanian patronage; its destruction changed frontier arrangements before the great seventh-century wars.

Latins and Latin allies

Republic, especially 5th-1st centuries BCE · Latium and Italy

Communities sharing political and linguistic ties with Rome; defeated in the Latin War 338 BCE, they received varied statuses before later expansion of citizenship.

Lombards

Sixth century CE onward · Pannonia and Italy

A Danubian kingdom moved into Italy from 568 CE, creating competing duchies and royal rule alongside eastern Roman territories.

In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 5: Marcus Aurelius: The Double Emergency

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII · Ammianus Res Gestae Book XXXI

Lucani and Bruttii

4th-1st centuries BCE · Southern Italy

Southern Italian peoples whose relations with Greek cities and Rome shifted through the Pyrrhic and Punic wars; communities faced confiscation and changing legal status.

Lusitanians

Especially 2nd century BCE · Western Iberia

Groups whose resistance under Viriathus challenged Roman expansion; their ancient territory and the later province called Lusitania were not identical.

In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 4: The Spanish Wars: Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Viriathus, and Numantia · Book IV · Chapter 3: The Third Macedonian War: Aemilius Paullus and Pydna · Book V · Chapter 5: Wars in the Shadow of the Settlement: Mithridates, Sertorius, Spartacus

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Macedonian kingdom

Republic, especially 3rd-2nd centuries BCE · Southern Balkans

Antigonid monarchy fought four major Roman conflicts; defeat at Pydna 168 BCE preceded partition and later provincial annexation.

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII

Marcomanni

Early Empire · Bohemia and middle Danube

Kingdom under Maroboduus and later Danubian coalitions faced Roman pressure, diplomacy and war; Marcus Aurelius' campaigns did not annex their whole territory.

In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 1: The Augustan Conquests · Book VII · Chapter 5: Marcus Aurelius: The Double Emergency · Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian · Book VII · Proem

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Tacitus Germania

Mauretanians

Late Republic and early Empire · Northwestern Africa

Peoples and client kingdoms west of Numidia, including the dynasty of Juba II and Ptolemy; annexation in the 40sCE produced two Roman provinces.

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII · Strabo Geography Books XVI-XVII

Nabataeans

Republic and early Empire; annexed 106 CE · Southern Levant and Arabia

Kingdom centered on Petra and Bostra linked caravan commerce, agriculture and royal power; annexation formed Arabia Petraea while local communities continued.

Nervii

57 BCE onward · Northern Gaul

People prominent in the battle at the Sabis against Caesar and later resistance; Roman narration of their martial character is a situated source portrayal.

Normans

11th-12th centuries CE · Southern Italy Sicily and Balkans

Later orientation: western rulers who displaced eastern Roman authority in southern Italy and campaigned in the Balkans, sometimes negotiating as well as fighting.

Numidians

Republic and early Empire · North Africa

North African kingdoms supplied cavalry and alternated among rival alliances; Massinissa backed Rome, Jugurtha fought it, and royal territories were progressively annexed.

Ostrogoths

Fifth-sixth centuries CE · Danubian region and Italy

Gothic kingdom under Theodoric ruled Italy while negotiating Roman legitimacy; Justinian's wars destroyed its kingdom but did not remove all Gothic people.

Ottoman state

14th-15th centuries CE in this index · Anatolia and Balkans

Later orientation: expanding polity that progressively enclosed the remaining eastern Roman territories and captured Constantinople 1453 CE.

Read further Metropolitan Museum Byzantium ca.330-1453

Palmyrenes

Empire, especially 3rd century CE · Syrian desert and eastern Mediterranean

Citizens of a wealthy oasis city whose rulers Odaenathus and Zenobia expanded power during imperial crisis; Aurelian ended the separatist regime 272 CE.

Pannonians

Republic and early Empire · Middle Danube and Sava region

Diverse communities incorporated during Augustan campaigns and the revolt 6-9 CE; Pannonia later supplied soldiers and emperors within Roman provincial institutions.

In the volumes Book VI · Chapter 2: The Great Illyrian Revolt and the Varian Disaster

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Tacitus Germania

Parthians or Arsacid empire

247 BCE-224 CE · Iran and Mesopotamia

Iranian imperial state combining royal authority, regional elites and cities; repeatedly fought and negotiated with Rome over Armenia and Mesopotamia.

See also Carrhae, Armenia, Sasanian Empire

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII · Metropolitan Museum The Parthian Empire

Picts

Late 3rd century CE onward · Northern Britain

Late Roman collective name for northern peoples, prominent in frontier warfare and later kingdoms; not a single timeless tribe identical to all earlier Caledonians.

Pontic kingdom

Republic, especially 1st century BCE · Northern Anatolia and Black Sea

Mithridates VI built a Black Sea power and challenged Rome in three wars; defeat produced territorial redistribution and Roman provincial expansion.

Ptolemaic kingdom

Republic to 30 BCE · Egypt and eastern Mediterranean

Dynasty ruling Egypt negotiated loans, alliances and Roman intervention; Cleopatra VII's defeat ended royal independence and made Egypt an imperial province.

See also Cleopatra VII, Actium, Aegyptus

In the volumes Book IV · Chapter 1: The Second Macedonian War: Flamininus and Cynoscephalae

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII · Strabo Geography Books XVI-XVII

Quadi

Early and late Empire · Middle Danube

Neighbors often allied with Marcomanni or Sarmatian groups, appearing in wars, treaties and client kingship; their political relationship with Rome varied across reigns.

In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 5: Marcus Aurelius: The Double Emergency · Book VI · Chapter 8: The Flavian Consolidation and the Wars of Domitian

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Tacitus Germania

SlideNotebookLMFROM GOLD TO IRON AND RUST, slide 11

Roxolani

Early Empire · Lower Danube and Pontic region

Sarmatian groups involved in Danubian raids and Roman campaigning; their coalitions and movements should not be mapped as a fixed national territory.

In the volumes Book VII · Chapter 1: The Dacian Wars of Trajan

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Tacitus Germania

Sabines

Early Rome and Republican Italy · Central Italy

Neighboring central Italian people prominent in Roman origin traditions and historical incorporation; Sabine identity persisted within an increasingly Roman political landscape.

Samaritans

Republic and Empire · Southern Levant

Religious community centered on Mount Gerizim with distinct traditions and political experiences; late Roman revolts and imperial policies profoundly affected its communities.

Samnites

Especially 4th-1st centuries BCE · Apennine Italy

Confederated highland peoples who fought Rome in successive wars and later the Social War; defeat did not erase their regional communities or political resistance.

Sarmatians

Republic and Empire · Pontic steppe and Danubian plains

Iranian-speaking steppe populations including Iazyges and Roxolani; Roman texts often generalize them, while groups served as allies, opponents and military settlers.

Sasanian Empire

224-651 CE · Iran Mesopotamia and neighboring regions

Ardashir's dynasty replaced Arsacid rule and became Rome's main eastern rival, conducting diplomacy and warfare across Mesopotamia, Armenia and the Levant.

Saxons

Late Roman and early medieval periods · North Sea coasts and Britain

A broad label for seafaring and mainland groups; Roman coastal-defense terminology and later migration narratives do not prove one coordinated invasion.

Scordisci

Late Republic · Central Balkans

Celtic-associated community at the Danubian crossroads, involved in repeated Roman campaigns and later regional incorporation; ancient labels sometimes combine different populations.

Scotti

Late Roman and early medieval periods · Ireland and western Britain

Latin label associated with raiders and settlers from Ireland, later linked with Gaelic polities in Britain; it differs from modern nationality terminology.

Seleucid kingdom

Republic, especially 2nd-1st centuries BCE · Eastern Mediterranean and Asia

Hellenistic monarchy defeated in the Roman-Syrian War; territorial losses and dynastic struggles preceded Pompey's annexation of its Syrian remnant 64 BCE.

Seljuk Turks

11th-13th centuries CE · Anatolia and Near East

Later orientation: a Turkic-led imperial and dynastic world whose victory at Manzikert 1071 CE preceded major Anatolian political change; it was not a classical Roman tribe.

Sicels Sicani and Elymi

Early Sicily and Republic · Sicily

Names for differing pre-Roman Sicilian populations whose histories interacted with Greek and Punic colonization; they should not be collapsed into a single indigenous state.

Slavs or Sclaveni and Antes

Sixth century CE onward · North of Danube and Balkans

Labels in late Roman sources for varied communities involved in raiding, settlement and military alliances; neither name describes a single centralized state.

Suebi

Early Empire to sixth century CE · Central Europe and northwestern Iberia

Ancient umbrella name and later specific political formations; a Suevic kingdom developed in Gallaecia after the Rhine crossings and was annexed by Visigoths 585 CE.

Thervingi

Fourth century CE · North of lower Danube and Balkans

Gothic grouping associated with Athanaric and Fritigern; many crossed into Roman territory 376 CE. The relationship to later Visigothic identity is historical development, not simple equivalence.

Thracians

Republic and Empire · Eastern Balkans

Many communities and kingdoms, sometimes Roman allies and auxiliary recruits and sometimes opponents; direct annexation of the main client kingdom followed in 46 CE.

Umbri and Picentes

Republican Italy · Central Adriatic Italy

Distinct central Italian populations incorporated through war, alliance and citizenship; their territories became important recruitment and settlement zones.

Vandals

Fifth-sixth centuries CE · Gaul Iberia and North Africa

Groups crossing into Africa under Geiseric created a maritime kingdom centered on Carthage; Belisarius conquered the kingdom 533-534 CE.

Veneti of Armorica

56 BCE and imperial period · Atlantic Gaul

Maritime community defeated in Caesar's naval campaign; distinct from the Veneti of northeastern Italy despite the shared Latin name.

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Caesar Gallic War

Visigoths

Fifth-eighth centuries CE · Balkans Gaul and Iberia

Political formations associated with Alaric and later kingdoms received settlements in Roman Gaul and developed Iberian rule; treaty status and Roman relations changed repeatedly.

Volsci and Aequi

Early Republic · Central Italy

Neighboring peoples important in Rome's traditional accounts of early warfare; their political organization and the chronology of individual campaigns require caution.

In the volumes Book I · Chapter 2: The Latin Twilight and the Samnite Dawn · Book I · Chapter 1: The Gallic Catastrophe

Read further Pleiades ancient place gazetteer · Strabo Geography Books V-VII