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Wars · Guide

The regional atlas

North is up. Longitude is scaled at each plate's central latitude. Modern coastlines can differ from ancient harbors, lagoons, river mouths and reclaimed land. Place markers locate settlements or named features; they do not certify the nearby battlefield. Hollow symbols retain a gazetteer's rough classification. Zama Regia, for example, is not proof of the exact battlefield of Zama.

The basemap uses Natural Earth's public-domain land data. Place locators are adapted from the Pleiades contributors' GIS export under CC BY 3.0, downloaded 30 October 2026. Pleiades' representative-point guidance explains why even a city marker need not be an exact surveyed position.

M01. The Roman war-world

The Roman war-world — Mediterranean connections, not a territorial snapshot.

M02. Italy: cities, coalitions, corridors

Italy: cities, coalitions, corridors — Early and Republican wars; locations are settlement references.

M03. The Punic theaters

The Punic theaters — Italy, Iberia, Sicily and Africa in one strategic frame.

M04. Iberia: coasts and the interior

Iberia: coasts and the interior — Conquest, resistance and Roman civil wars.

M05. Gaul and the Rhine

Gaul and the Rhine — From Caesar to the late western frontier.

M06. Britain: the provincial axis

Britain: the provincial axis — Landing, colonial centers, legionary and northern frontier references.

M07. The Danube and Balkan approaches

The Danube and Balkan approaches — Conquest, invasion, civil war and the routes toward Constantinople.

M08. The Greek and Aegean theaters

The Greek and Aegean theaters — Macedonian, Seleucid, Mithridatic and Roman civil wars.

M09. The Armenian and Mesopotamian frontiers

The Armenian and Mesopotamian frontiers — Parthian and Sasanian wars; city sites do not locate every battle.

M10. Egypt and Judaea

Egypt and Judaea — Civil war, provincial conquest and revolt.

M11. The western wars after AD 395

The western wars after AD 395 — Cities and maritime objectives; no invented migration routes.

M12. The wars of Justinian

The wars of Justinian — Western reconquest alongside continuing war in the East.

The other guides to wars

GuideThe regional atlasNorth is up. Longitude is scaled at each plate's central latitude. Modern coastlines can differ from ancient harbors…GuideArmies, weapons and the conduct of campaignsRoman armies changed with their recruitment, equipment, political organization and opponents. A soldier in the Samnite…GuideChronological registerThe entries are sorted by the opening of their historical frame. Some cover linked campaigns or a theater of a larger…GuideBattle and siege finderThis is a selective index of named engagements and critical captures, not an additional set of independent wars. Follow…GuideGazetteer of the mapped placesThe following entries identify the features actually used for the map markers. The Pleiades link provides the…GuideThe archivist's reading keysThe most useful geographical questions recur across otherwise different wars. Where can a fleet land and unload? What…GuideHistorical sources and critical notesThe dossiers incorporate narrative history rather than substituting a bibliography for the account. The following…GuideCritical chronology and disputed conclusionsThis is an extensive editorial research compendium, not a claim that every inherited narrative detail has received…